Yellow Fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted primarily by infected mosquitoes, with severe public health consequences in endemic regions. The disease ranges from mild febrile illness to severe infection characterized by jaundice, hemorrhage, and organ failure. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, yellow fever continues to pose a threat due to ecological, demographic, and immunization gaps.

Transmission of yellow fever occurs through complex ecological cycles involving mosquitoes and non-human primates, with humans affected through spillover and urban transmission. Changes in land use, population movement, and vector distribution influence outbreak risk. These transmission dynamics are frequently examined at Infectious Diseases Conference discussions focused on re-emerging vector-borne threats.

From an epidemiological perspective, yellow fever virus infection presents unique challenges for prevention and control. Immunity following vaccination is long-lasting, yet uneven coverage leaves pockets of susceptibility. Surveillance systems must detect both human cases and viral activity in vectors and animal hosts. Early detection enables rapid vaccination campaigns and vector control measures to prevent widespread transmission.

Clinical management of yellow fever relies primarily on supportive care. There is no specific antiviral treatment, making prevention critical. Early recognition of severe disease improves outcomes by enabling timely supportive interventions. Differential diagnosis is essential in endemic areas where multiple febrile illnesses co-circulate, requiring laboratory confirmation to guide response.

Vaccination remains the cornerstone of yellow fever prevention. Mass immunization campaigns and routine vaccination programs reduce outbreak risk and protect travelers. Maintaining vaccine supply, cold-chain integrity, and accurate coverage data is essential for sustained protection. International coordination supports outbreak response and prevents cross-border spread.

Vector control complements vaccination by reducing mosquito populations and human exposure. Urbanization and climate variability affect vector density and seasonality, requiring adaptive control strategies. Community engagement enhances effectiveness by promoting elimination of breeding sites and acceptance of preventive measures.

Yellow fever illustrates the persistent risk posed by vector-borne viral diseases despite available preventive tools. Strengthening surveillance, vaccination coverage, and vector control ensures continued protection. Integrated approaches grounded in ecological understanding and public health coordination remain essential for preventing resurgence.